std::list<T,Allocator>::back

reference back();
const_reference back() const;

Returns reference to the last element in the container.

Calling back on an empty container is undefined.

Parameters

(none)

Return value

Reference to the last element.

Complexity

Constant.

Notes

For a container c, the expression return c.back(); is equivalent to { auto tmp = c.end(); --tmp; return *tmp; }

Example

The following code uses back to display the last element of a std::list<char>:

Run this code

#include <list>
#include <iostream>
 
int main()
{
    std::list<char> letters {'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f'};
    if (!letters.empty()) {
        std::cout << "The last character is: " << letters.back() << '\n';
    }  
}

Output:

The last character is f

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array (C++11)
vector
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list
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